Summary

Use JSON-LD (when feasible) to reinforce what your page already says. Prefer HTML-first rendering so retrieval layers can parse content reliably. Provide HTML twins for important PDFs. Expose freshness (dateModified on-page; lastmod in your sitemap). (Google Search Central: “Intro to structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data) (Google Search Central: “Crawling & indexing” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing) (Google Search Central: “Build and submit a sitemap” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/build-sitemap) (Google Search Central Blog: “Sitemaps lastmod & ping” — https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2023/06/sitemaps-lastmod-ping)

Schema patterns that actually help (by page archetype)

• FAQ pages → FAQPage with one Q&A per item. Keep answers concise and fact-dense; the JSON-LD must match the visible copy. (Google Search Central: “FAQPage structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/faqpage) (Schema.org: FAQPage — https://schema.org/FAQPage)
  
  

• How-to / procedural → HowTo with steps and (if applicable) materials. Don’t mark up narratives as HowTo. (Google Search Central: “HowTo structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/how-to)
  
  

• Articles, explainers, case studies → Article (and subtypes when appropriate). Include headline, author, datePublished, dateModified. (Google Search Central: “Article structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/article)
  
  

• Product/spec pages (if applicable) → Product with verifiable attributes; only mark up what’s truly on the page. (Google Search Central: “Product structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product)

Bing also supports structured data (including JSON-LD) and offers validation in Webmaster Tools. (Bing Webmaster Guidelines — https://www.bing.com/webmasters/help/webmaster-guidelines-30fba23a) (Bing Webmaster Blog: “Introducing JSON-LD Support in Bing Webmaster Tools” — https://blogs.bing.com/webmaster/august-2018/Introducing-JSON-LD-Support-in-Bing-Webmaster-Tools) (Bing Webmaster Help: “Marking up your site with structured data” — https://www.bing.com/webmasters/help/marking-up-your-site-with-structured-data-3a93e731)

Source formatting that models can parse

• HTML-first rendering. Keep critical copy server-rendered; pages should be legible with JS disabled. Google considers dynamic rendering a workaround, not a long-term solution—prefer SSR/SSG or hydration. (Google Search Central: “JavaScript SEO basics” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/javascript-seo-basics) (Google Search Central: “Dynamic rendering (workaround)” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/dynamic-rendering) (Search Engine Land: “Google no longer recommends dynamic rendering” — https://searchengineland.com/google-no-longer-recommends-using-dynamic-rendering-for-google-search-387054)
  
  

• Headings that reflect the task. Use explicit sections like “Definition,” “Comparison,” “Steps,” “References,” and “Known limitations.”
  
  

• One intent per URL. Avoid mixing definition + tutorial + narrative on the same page; assistants lift clearer answers from single-intent pages.
  
  

• PDFs with HTML twins. Google can index PDFs, but you’ll get better freshness signals and extraction fidelity from HTML. (Google Search Central: “File types indexable by Google” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/indexable-file-types)

Freshness & discovery

• On-page: show a visible “Last updated” and maintain a public changelog.
  
  

• Sitemaps: include accurate lastmod and submit via Search Console (ping endpoint deprecated; rely on lastmod and normal recrawl). (Google Search Central: “Build and submit a sitemap” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/build-sitemap) (Google Search Central Blog: “Sitemaps lastmod & ping” — https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2023/06/sitemaps-lastmod-ping)

Minimal JSON-LD templates (copy, then make facts match the page)

FAQPage

{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "FAQPage",
  "mainEntity": [{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What is [Concept]

Article (case study/explainer)

{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Article",
  "headline": "[Title]",
  "author": [{ "@type": "Person", "name": "[Author]

HowTo

{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "HowTo",
  "name": "How to evaluate [X]",
  "step": [{ "@type": "HowToStep", "name": "Step 1", "text": "Do the thing." }]

Only include properties your readers can actually see on the page; mismatched markup erodes trust.

Checklist

One intent per URL • Definition + decision table above the fold • HTML-first (JS optional) • JSON-LD that mirrors visible facts • Visible “last updated” + public changelog • Sitemap with accurate lastmod • HTML twins for important PDFs • Clear “References” section with primary and reputable third-party sources

References

(Google Search Central: “Intro to structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data)

(Google Search Central: “FAQPage structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/faqpage)

(Google Search Central: “HowTo structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/how-to)

(Google Search Central: “Article structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/article)

(Google Search Central: “Product structured data” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product)

(Google Search Central: “Crawling & indexing” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing)

(Google Search Central: “File types indexable by Google” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/indexable-file-types)

(Google Search Central: “JavaScript SEO basics” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/javascript-seo-basics)

(Google Search Central: “Dynamic rendering (workaround)” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/dynamic-rendering)

(Search Engine Land: “Google no longer recommends dynamic rendering” — https://searchengineland.com/google-no-longer-recommends-using-dynamic-rendering-for-google-search-387054)

(Google Search Central: “Build and submit a sitemap” — https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/build-sitemap)

(Google Search Central Blog: “Sitemaps lastmod & ping” — https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2023/06/sitemaps-lastmod-ping)

(Bing Webmaster Guidelines — https://www.bing.com/webmasters/help/webmaster-guidelines-30fba23a)

(Bing Webmaster Blog: “Introducing JSON-LD Support in Bing Webmaster Tools” — https://blogs.bing.com/webmaster/august-2018/Introducing-JSON-LD-Support-in-Bing-Webmaster-Tools)

(Bing Webmaster Help: “Marking up your site with structured data” — https://www.bing.com/webmasters/help/marking-up-your-site-with-structured-data-3a93e731)